Who says governments can't mandate technological breakthroughs?
Nearly half a century ago, California regulators led the world by introducing strict anti-pollution rules. Despite heated opposition, auto makers managed to comply and today the average new vehicle is 98 per cent cleaner, in terms of smog-forming emissions, than it was in 1963.
Thanks to catalytic converters, cleaner fuel and more efficient fuel and combustion management technology - the various traps and filters and fuel injectors that are now standard on all new cars - tailpipe emissions from new vehicles are now pretty negligible.
Well, California is at it again. Last month, the California Air Resources Board ruled that the "Big Six" car makers must sell 58,333 plug-in hybrid vehicles, along with up to 7,500 "pure zero-emission vehicles," from 2012 through 2014. The latter are essentially fuel-cell vehicles or hydrogen-fuelled combustion cars such as the BMW Hydrogen 7. Alternatively, the auto makers can choose to sell 12,500 battery-electric vehicles with a range of at least 160 km.
But that's only the start. If 12 other states adopt California's emissions rules, sales of plug-ins and electric vehicles will explode into the tens of thousands annually. So the plug-in race is on.
For now, the leaders are General Motors and Toyota. Both are developing plug-in hybrids for sale around 2010. Ford is testing a plug-in Escape SUV, but other global auto makers are only hinting at their plug-in and electric vehicle plans. Nissan, Honda and Chrysler, in fact, are readying gasoline-electric hybrids, but none has yet announced plans for a plug-in hybrid. This week, auto parts maker Magna joined the race to build a plug-in hybrid and said it plans to have a prototype on the road next year or in 2010.
The challenge for all manufacturers is the battery pack. Lithium-ion (Li-Ion) batteries are required, but no supplier has yet developed batteries proven to be safe, durable and affordable. Several battery suppliers say they are close, though.
Hybrid vehicles are powered by a gasoline engine plus an electric motor with a small on-board battery pack to run accessories, move the vehicle for short distances and provide a power boost when accelerating. The gasoline engine can power the wheels, or it can recharge the battery pack that generates electricity for the electric motor.
A plug-in hybrid goes a step further. It can be recharged overnight by hooking the batteries up to an everyday power outlet. Theoretically, owners who drive less than 60-80 kilometres a day will never need to fill up on gasoline. The plug-in can run solely on its battery pack, preferably recharged less expensively during off-peak hours, or at some other time when necessary.
GM has been the most vocal about its plug-in plans. It has repeatedly said it will roll out the Chevy Volt late in 2010. GM has also said it is developing a plug-in version of the Saturn Vue SUV. Toyota is planning a plug-in version of the Prius and fleet testing of its plug-in was announced earlier this year in Detroit.
But will the batteries be ready? Increasingly, car company officials say they are on track with their suppliers to develop reliable, cost-effective lithium ion batteries. Lithium ion batteries - like those in your watch and laptop - are ideal but unproven. They are smaller and lighter than the current nickel-metal hydride batteries in hybrids such as the current Prius and GM's hybrid Chevrolet Tahoe.
One of the many barriers, however, is price. Analysts have estimated the cost of the lithium ion battery pack for the Volt at about $10,000. Yet as fuel prices continue their steady climb, plug-in hybrids might make more sense economically. Only last week, CIBC World Markets predicted that crude oil prices will soar to more than $200 (U.S.) a barrel over the next five years. That would mean a single fill-up, at $2.25 per litre, would cost more than $100 for an economy car like the Honda Fit or Toyota Yaris.
