Preston ManningChris Bolin
Earlier this month, Canada's electoral officers - officials of Elections Canada and their provincial and territorial counterparts - held their annual conference.
The main subject of discussion was what to do about declining participation in Canadian elections - for example, the turnout of 59 per cent in the last federal election, the 51 per cent in the recent B.C. provincial election, and the abysmal 41 per cent last time out in Alberta.
It is good to know that our elections officials are concerned about this problem. They play an important role in informing and educating voters on election procedures and rules. But surely the primary responsibility for remedying Canada's democracy deficit rests with others - with parents, educators, the media and particularly our political parties, politicians and leaders.
Often it takes a crisis of some sort to create opportunities for reform. In Britain, the recent scandalous abuse of expense accounts by members of the House of Commons from all major parties has created precisely such a crisis and opportunity.
In order to bolster public confidence in its candidates for the soon-to-be-held general election, the British Conservative Party has become willing to experiment with democratic innovations.
One in particular is being introduced in the constituency of Totnes. It should be watched closely by Canadian politicians and parties.
The Conservative MP for Totnes, Anthony Steen, was recently forced to "stand down" when it was revealed that he had claimed more than £87,000 over four years in parliamentary expenses on his country home.
Rather than choosing a candidate to succeed him by the conventional method of a constituency nominating meeting in which only card-carrying Conservative Party members can vote, the party has decided to experiment with an "open primary" in which every voter in Totnes will be invited to help choose its candidate for the next general election.
The Totnes Conservative Association drew up a short list of 11 potential candidates which was then reduced to three on July 15. Starting last Monday, ballot papers were mailed out to the 69,000 eligible voters in the constituency. There was an all-candidate event Saturday where the three candidates were to receive and answer questions from voters. Thursday, the results of the Totnes "open primary" are to be announced.
"This is the first time any political party in Britain has sought the views of the voters [on who should be the party's candidate]in such a direct way," said Conservative Party Leader David Cameron.
Observers will be watching closely and seeking answers to several key questions:
To what extent will the voters of Totnes actually participate? Will that participation give that candidate any advantage in terms of public confidence and support over candidates of other parties nominated in the more traditional way? And, will the primary stimulate greater interest and participation in the general election itself?
And here in Canada, will any political party be willing to experiment with the "open primary" to attract more Canadians into the process of putting candidates' names on the ballot and thereby, one hopes, increasing public interest in the campaign and election to follow?
In North America, it is the United States that has made greatest use of the primary system, which is why Canadian liberals and social democrats - pathologically averse to adopting U.S. political practices - are unlikely to embrace it.
But what about Canadian conservatives? If the British Conservative Party - far older and tradition-bound than any Canadian counterpart - can experiment with such democratic innovations, why can't Canadian conservatives?
The federal Conservative Party has recently tightened rather than opened its nomination process by permitting incumbents to avoid a nomination contest unless more than two-thirds of local party members vote for one. But if this should prove to be counterproductive, in terms of rallying party member support for the next election campaign or public support for candidates who are past their "best before" date, perhaps the British experiment with open primaries will find favour here.
And what about provincial conservative parties? Let's take the aging, long-in-office, Progressive Conservative Party of Alberta.
Forty years ago, I tried to persuade another aging, long-in-power provincial political party in Alberta to embrace a variation of the primary system as a means of injecting new blood into the party and new energy into the electoral process. The concept was rejected, especially by incumbent MLAs who saw it as a threat to their renomination and by "gatekeepers" at the constituency level who feared it would reduce their influence.
Two years later, the party was out of office, never to return - the opportunity to re-energize itself through democratic reform lost forever. Let us, therefore, watch the British experiment with interest, and not wait for a crisis before conducting similar experiments in Canada.
Preston Manning is president and CEO of the Manning Centre for Building Democracy.