While away in Istanbul, Turkey in July, I stumbled upon developments in the telecom, media and Internet industries that may be of interest to readers here.
Apparently, while I was away, the vice-chair of the CRTC, Tom Pentefountas, wondered aloud at the UBB hearings that he did not grasp how Internet concentration is a threat to freedom of expression and democracy. Hopefully what follows will help him to connect the dots.
As my wife Kristina and I walked the streets of Istanbul, we discovered the offices of Turk Telekom on a site that dates back to the submarine cable and telegraph building boom of the late 1860s. I write about some of this history with Robert Pike in our book, Communication and Empire.
New communication technologies were adopted reasonably quickly by the Ottoman Empire because they were seen as useful tools of economic development and integration into the world economy. They were also tools of integration for an empire still striving to consolidate its control over a vast territory that stretched from Cairo in the south, Baghdad in the east and the Austro-Hungarian Empire to the west.
The British and French built the first telegraph lines in Turkey during the Crimean War (1854-56), but by 1857 the Central Telegraph Administration had been created and was busy building a national network, “from Constantinople to the head of the Persian Gulf.”
The regime eventually struck a deal with what became the British-based Eastern Telegraph Company, which was the world’s largest submarine telegraph company with lines that ran through the Mediterranean and onto India by 1865, and to China, Japan and Australia by the mid-1870s.
Altogether, telegraphs were the tool of overlapping empires and of massive capital accumulation and cultural exchange. “The founding of private newspapers also occurred simultaneously with the extreme speed of telegraph lines,” as the historian of the Arabic world Juan Cole states. “New politics and political journalism grew together” throughout the Ottoman Empire.
The old 1890s telegraph and telephone building in Istanbul now advertises 100 megabits-per-second broadband Internet services, much faster than what most people in Canada get. I was keen beyond belief to go inside. The chance of an impromptu guided tour were slim, but amazingly a couple of minutes later and we were in.
Inside, we saw rows-on-rows of racks filled with equipment from Alcatel-Lucent, Ericsson and Huawei, the Chinese upstart shaking the comfortable oligopoly that ruled the trade in telecoms equipment for much of the 20th century. Some old Nortel digital switching equipment from the 1980s and 1990s still sits in the racks whirling away, but its days are numbered.
The bulk of the multi-story building now lies dark and neglected because digitization has shrunk the space needed to house telecoms gear to a fraction of what was once required. The promise of 100 Mbps high-speed Internet advertised outside is right here, though: Crates of new gear that will become the guts of the telecoms infrastructure lie scattered across the floors.
Currently, only about five per cent of Istanbuli business subscribers can access such high-end Internet services. However, universal coverage of business districts is planned to begin rolling out in the next two years. Facilities for average Istanbuli residents will be rolled out aggressively, but against an unknown time frame. Even more ambitiously, next generation networks capable of blistering 10 gigabits per second are also being rolled out as part of these objectives.
That is not a pipedream. The stuff is sitting in those crates scattered about the floor. Some of it’s already in the racks.
Internet service is relatively cheap in Turkey, but actual levels of connectivity and use are amongst the lowest of the OECD countries. What takes place over the next five years or so will decide whether or not those levels improve significantly.
