Women are faring far less well at U.S. mid-cap firms than they are at Fortune 500 companies, one study found.Comstock Images
Women have moved into top jobs at some of America's biggest and most recognized corporations including IBM, Pepsico and Archer Daniels Midland. But in their shadows, at the second tier of big U.S. companies, it's a different story.
A new snapshot of trends at mid-cap companies show women are far less likely than their male counterparts to reach top leadership positions at those firms.
On the bright side, however they are starting to close a pay gap with men and – in a cluster of industries – even out-earn them.
Researchers at Georgetown University's McDonough School of Business surveyed about 2,000 executives at companies with stock market capitalization of $1-billion to $7-billion, so-called mid-cap firms.
They found that women made up 4.5 per cent of the top leadership in 2010. That is far less than at larger firms, where other data show women make up about 14 per cent of executive positions.
"What I find sobering about it is that we are still having an enormous difficulty getting through that ceiling," said Georgetown business professor Catherine Tinsley, who led the study.
She was echoing concerns that have been raised for decades about the so-called glass ceiling, the invisible barrier said to prevent women executives from advancing. These historically have included everything from discrimination to lack of support for women who are mothers to small children.
Among mid-cap companies, women executives are far more likely to be found in media, pharmaceutical and retail sectors, researchers found.
Prof. Tinsley and her colleagues looked at top executives from 400 companies such as AOL, JetBlue and Nordstrom that comprise the S&P MidCap 400 index. Such companies make up about 7 per cent of the U.S. equities market.
Margaret Spellings, a former U.S. education secretary now working on policy issues for the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, said gender equality is not scrutinized at this level as much as among the Fortune 500 companies.
"Big companies tend to be asked about it more at shareholder meetings and such. Midcaps tend to fly below the radar a little bit more. But nobody's really cracked the nut," she said.
The study aims to offer a comprehensive snapshot of female executives at the second-tier of big American companies.
Across the entire work force, government statistics show women make just 81 cents for every $1 men make across all occupations.
At mid-cap companies, women executives' compensation closed ranks with their male counterparts from 2000 to 2010, the study showed.
In 2010, top female executives on average saw $2.2-million (U.S.) in potential compensation a year, compared with $2.5-million for men, a difference that was not statistically significant, Prof. Tinsley said. Between 2000 and 2005, women executives saw an average of $1.3-million, compared with $1.9-million for men.
"It does appear that when women are at a certain critical mass, above 10 per cent in an industry, they are being valued as much as their male colleagues and we're seeing that in pay," she said.
In the mid-cap arena, the industries with the highest average number of female executives were media with 21 per cent, pharmaceuticals 14 per cent and retailers 13 per cent.
The study combined these three industries for analysis and found in that grouping, women executives earned more than men on average. According to the research, in 2010 potential compensation for women in that multi-industry group was $3.9-million a year, compared with $2.9-million for men.