Q: I know it's just a joke: astronauts cleaning bugs off their windshield on a space walk. But I wonder, do astronauts ever really see bugs in space? Kori, Brantford, Ont.
A: I asked Mike Gentry and James Hartsfield of the Johnson Space Center in Houston about squished bugs on the shuttle 'windshield.'
"I'm not aware of any instance where insects have been seen, but we did have an instance on STS-121 [Shuttle Discovery, July 2006] where bird droppings were seen on the wing," emailed Hartsfield.
The birds released their droppings before the shuttle launched, but the astronauts spotted them in space from a video taken to inspect the wing.
April 1, 2007. Astronaut Sunita Williams, her hair floating in free fall, finds bacteria on the International Space Station. The Lab-on-a-chip reader gives a strong positive reading from handrail swabs. (NASA)
So, no dead insects that we've noticed, just bird droppings. But maybe, by "bugs", you mean microscopic organisms — bacteria and fungi native to Earth. Then, yes, astronauts really find bugs in space, and they can be a menace.
Astronauts, like all of us, have a collection of bacteria and fungi on and in their bodies. So bugs accompany the astronauts into space. Astronauts can now detect microbes with a nifty gadget (the Lab-on-a-chip Application Development-Portable Test System, called LOCAD-PTS for short). The hand-held lab (see figure) can analyze a sample in about fifteen minutes (which beats waiting the current 3-day growing-a-culture-in-a-petri-dish time). We successfully tested LOCAD-PTS only this past April.
Microbes like a humid, moist environment. Sometimes they thrive in human habitats orbiting in space. In fact, the environment on the Russian Mir station was so much to the bugs liking that fungi colonies actually ate porthole glass, and destroyed electronic equipment. Cosmonauts could barely see out of their porthole, as an unknown film crept across the glass. Fungi and bacteria colonies visible to the naked eye were the culprits. These tiny organisms didn't actually eat glass; they ate skin cells and other human detritus.
Human organic discharge (from breathing, for example) entered the station atmosphere and eventually collected on station surfaces, says Natalia D. Novikova, head of a research group at the Institute for Biomedical Problems in Moscow. Creeping fungi ate the human byproducts, and excreted highly corrosive waste products, which etched porthole glass, its titanium mounting and also a control block for a communications device. Acid waste from fungi can dissolve steel, glass and plastics.
During twenty years of research on the Mir Station, Novikova's group found 107 species of fungi. The space bugs originated on Earth, but mutated wildly in Mir's radiation level. So, in a real and scary sense, they became 'space bugs.' Radiation in space is about 500 times more intense than on Earth's surface.
Japanese researchers found colonies of Earthling microbes 7 miles (12 km) above Earth at the upper edge of our lower atmosphere. The microbes adapted to dry, thin air and intense ultraviolet radiation at seven miles high. They are different from Earth surface bacteria. By the way, the International Space Station's orbit is about 200 miles (330 km) up.
So far, astronauts and cosmonauts have only encountered Earth microscopic organisms in space. We have yet to see our first alien bug. But we're looking. On Aug. 4, we launched the Mars probe, Phoenix, whose job is to find water, then life or, at least, organic compounds. In April 2008, the probe will land near the Martian North Pole ice cap, and start digging for bugs.
Further Reading:
- Endosafe®-PTS™ completes journey to the International Space Station, Charles River Laboratory
- Outer space disinfection Institute for Biomedical Problems
- Dividing bacteria, Cells Alive
- Distribution of extremophiles in space environment, JSForum
- Space fungus: a menace to orbital habitats, Space.com
- No foolin' — Lab-on-a-chip works!, science@NASA
- Phoenix Mars Mission, NASA
- Looking for life on Mars, Marine Biological Laboratory
- Are we ready for alien bugs? , Discover Magazine
April Holladay lives in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Her column, WonderQuest, appears every second Monday of the month on globetechnology.com. To read April's past columns, please visit her website. If you have a question for April, visit this information page.
