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SYDNEY, Australia — Untouched natural forests store three times more carbon dioxide than previously estimated and 60 per cent more than plantation forests, a new Australian study of "green carbon" and its role in climate change says.
Green carbon occurs in natural forests, brown carbon is found in industrialized forests or plantations, grey carbon in fossil fuels and blue carbon in oceans.
Australian National University scientists said that the role of untouched forests – and their biomass of green carbon – had been underestimated in the fight against global warming.
The scientists said the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the Kyoto Protocol did not distinguish between the carbon capacity of plantation forests and untouched forests.
Yet untouched forests can carry three times the carbon presently estimated, if their biomass of carbon stock was included, the ANU report, released on Tuesday, said.
Currently, forest carbon storage capacity is based on plantation forest estimates.
The report "Green Carbon, the role of natural forests in carbon storage" said a difference in the definition of a forest was also underestimating the carbon stock in old-growth forests.
The IPCC defines a forest as trees taller than two metres and a canopy cover greater than 10 per cent, but in Australia a forest was defined as having trees taller than 10 metres and a canopy cover greater than 30 per cent.
The report said southeastern Australia's unlogged forests could store about 640 tonnes per hectare, yet the IPCC estimate put it at only about 217 tonnes of carbon per hectare.
The scientists estimated that 9.3 billion tonnes of carbon can be stored in the 14.5 million hectares of eucalyptus forests in southeastern Australia if they are left undisturbed.
The IPCC estimates only one-third of this capacity and only 27 per cent of the forests' biomass carbon stock.
"More resilient"
Not only did natural forests store more carbon but because they remained untouched, they stored the carbon for longer than plantation forests, which are cut down on a rotation basis.
The report found that "natural forests are more resilient to climate change and disturbances than plantations."
Brendan Mackey, a co-author of the report, said protecting natural forests serves two purposes: maintaining a large carbon sink and stopping the release of the forest's stored carbon.
"Protecting the carbon in natural forests is preventing an additional emission of carbon from what we get from burning fossil fuel," Prof. Mackey told Reuters.
The carbon stored in the world's biomass and soil was approximately three times the amount in the atmosphere, said the report. About 35 per cent of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is a result of past deforestation and 18 per cent of annual global emissions is from continued deforestation.
The report said logging resulted in more than a 40-per-cent reduction in long-term carbon compared with unlogged forests.
"The majority of biomass carbon in natural forests resides in the woody biomass of large old trees. Commercial logging changes the age structure of forests so that the average age of trees is much younger," it said.
"The carbon stock of forests subject to commercial logging, and of monoculture plantations in particular, will therefore always be significantly less on average than the carbon stock of natural, undisturbed forests."
The scientists said preventing further deforestation of southeastern Australia's eucalyptus forests would be the equivalent of preventing emissions of 460 million tonnes of carbon dioxide a year for the next 100 years.
Allowing logged forests to regrow to their natural carbon storage capacity would avoid emissions of 136 million tonnes of carbon dioxide a year for the next 100 years – about 25 per cent of Australia's total emissions in 2005.
"In Australia, and probably globally, the carbon carrying capacity of natural forests is underestimated and therefore misrepresented in economic valuations and in policy options," the report said.
