The inflation wave that crested at a 40-year high last year and remains elevated has eroded U.S. households’ sense of financial security, the Federal Reserve reported Monday, with many saying they had reduced their savings to make ends meet, felt less secure about retirement, and had delayed purchases or swapped into cheaper products as they shopped.
In an annual survey showing the corrosive effects of inflation on Americans’ economic confidence, the Fed said the percentage of respondents who said they were doing “at least okay financially” in 2022 tumbled by five percentage points – the most since the survey was launched a decade ago – to 73 per cent. It had stood at a record high the year before.
The share of those saying they were worse off shot up 15 points to 35 per cent, the highest level by far since the Fed first started asking that question in 2014. The Fed launched the “Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking” in 2013.
Those who considered their retirement savings “on track” fell to 31 per cent among those not yet retired, compared with 40 per cent in 2021.
With a 2024 presidential campaign already in its early stages, the survey also suggested Americans’ souring mood about their own finances carried over to their view of the national economy.
Even though the unemployment rate has been low, below 4 per cent, since January of 2022, only 18 per cent of respondents rated the national economy as “good” or “excellent,” down from 50 per cent as of 2019.
The survey was conducted in October, and the results included responses from a representative sample of 11,775 people.
Inflation emerged as a key risk for the U.S. in 2021 as the economy reopened from the pandemic-era restrictions imposed on many public and commercial activities the year before.
Annual inflation as measured by the Consumer Price Index peaked at 9.1 per cent last summer, the highest since the early 1980s, and remains elevated now at 4.9 per cent. Fed officials have raised interest rates aggressively in response and have repeatedly expressed their determination to bring inflation to heel by whatever means necessary.
Fifty-four per cent of adults said that their budgets had been affected “a lot” by price increases, with parents of children under 18, Black and Latin American adults and those with disabilities ranking among the most likely to report an impact from inflation.
Indeed, overall one-third of households cited inflation as their main financial challenge, up more than fourfold from 2016.
A question meant to measure households’ wherewithal to overcome a modest financial emergency showed fewer thought they had the ability to meet an unexpected US$400 expense using cash or the equivalent, such as a credit card expected to be repaid in full at the next statement. Sixty-three per cent said they would use cash for such a cost, down from a record high 68 per cent in 2021.
Meanwhile, the survey’s measures of household incomes and respondents’ sense of the job market showed more adults last year received or asked for a pay increase or promotion.