Air travel across U.S. thrown into chaos after computer outage; Canadian airports hit with delays

A computer outage at the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration brought flights to a standstill across the U.S. on Wednesday, with hundreds of delays quickly cascading through the system, including at Canadian airports.

The White House initially said that there was no evidence of a cyberattack behind the outage that ruined travel plans for millions of passengers. President Joe Biden said Wednesday morning that he’s directed the Department of Transportation to investigate.

Whatever the cause, the outage revealed how dependent the world’s largest economy is on air travel, and how dependent air travel is on an antiquated computer system called the Notice to Air Missions, or NOTAM.

Before commencing a flight, pilots are required to consult NOTAMs, which list potential adverse impacts on flights, from runway construction to the potential for icing. The system used to be telephone-based, with pilots calling dedicated flight service stations for the information, but has moved online.

The NOTAM system broke down late Tuesday, leading to more than 1,000 flight cancellations and 7,000 delayed flights by midday Wednesday, according to the flight-tracking website FlightAware.

The chaos is expected to grow as backups compound. More than 21,000 flights were scheduled to take off in the U.S. Wednesday, mostly domestic trips, and about 1,840 international flights expected to fly to the U.S., according to aviation data firm Cirium.

Airports in Chicago, Los Angeles, New York and Atlanta were seeing between 30 per cent and 40 per cent of flights delayed.

“We are going to see the ripple effects from that, this morning’s delays through the system during the day,” Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg said in an interview on CNN. “Now we have to understand how this could have happened in the first place. Why the usual redundancies that would stop it from being that disruptive did not stop it from being disruptive this time.”

Separately, Canada’s NOTAM entry system also experienced an outage between 10:20 a.m. and 1:15 p.m. ET, said Nav Canada’s manager of government and media relations, Vanessa Adams.

”We are still investigating the root cause of the failure,” she wrote in an e-mail.

”At this time, we do not believe the cause is related to the FAA outage experienced earlier today.”

At Canadian airports on Wednesday morning, all U.S. flights were delayed, including least 35 departing Toronto Pearson International Airport and 26 at Montreal-Trudeau International Airport. The U.S. problems could disrupt almost 800 Canadian flights to and from the U.S. on Wednesday, said Mike Arnot, a spokesman for Cirium, an aviation analytics company.

WestJet said six flights were delayed Wednesday morning because of the computer outage and none were cancelled, while Air Canada said the outage would have an effect on its transborder operations, but that it was not possible to determine the extent of the delays.

Air Canada says it is putting in place a goodwill policy for affected customers to change their travel plans.

Nadine Ramadan, a spokesperson for Federal Transport Minister Omar Alghabra, said in an afternoon e-mail that their office had been in touch with Nav Canada.

Earlier in the day, at a news conference in Port Colborne, Ont., Mr. Alghabra said he had reached out to his U.S. counterpart, Mr. Buttigieg, about the U.S. NOTAM troubles.

“This was obviously a surprise. It was an unplanned interruption,” Mr. Alghabra said.

“We still don’t know all the facts yet, but good news is that I am hearing that traffic has restarted again, so we will stay in co-ordination with our U.S. partners to understand what had happened and what can we do to avoid similar interruptions.”

The delays came after storms caused havoc for travellers during the busy holiday travel season.

“Canadians are patient when it comes to that as long as they are informed of what is happening, when they can get to their destination,” Mr. Alghabra said of the storms.

“What compounded this situation was some unfortunate decisions made by one airline operator,” in an apparent reference to Sunwing.

Long-time aviation insiders could not recall an outage of such magnitude caused by a technology breakdown. Some compared it to the nationwide shutdown of airspace after the terror attacks of September, 2001.

“Periodically there have been local issues here or there, but this is pretty significant historically,” said Tim Campbell, a former senior vice-president of air operations at American Airlines and now a consultant in Minneapolis.

Mr. Campbell said there has long been concern about the Federal Aviation Administration’s technology, and not just the NOTAM system.

“So much of their systems are old mainframe systems that are generally reliable but they are out of date,” he said.

John Cox, a former airline pilot and aviation safety expert, said there has been talk in the aviation industry for years about trying to modernize the NOTAM system, but he did not know the age of the servers that the FAA uses.

He couldn’t say whether a cyberattack was possible.

“I’ve been flying 53 years. I’ve never heard the system go down like this,” Mr. Cox said. “So something unusual happened.”

According to FAA advisories, the NOTAM system failed at 8:28 p.m. ET on Tuesday preventing new or amended notices from being distributed to pilots. The FAA resorted to a telephone hotline to keep departures flying overnight, but as daytime traffic picked up it overwhelmed the telephone backup system.

The FAA ordered all departing flights grounded early Wednesday morning, affecting all passenger and shipping flights.

Some medical flights could get clearance and the outage did not affect any military operations or mobility.

Flights for the U.S. military’s Air Mobility Command were not affected.

Mr. Biden said Wednesday morning that he was briefed by Mr. Buttigieg.

“I just spoke to Buttigieg. They don’t know what the cause is. But I was on the phone with him about 10 minutes,” Mr. Biden said. “I told him to report directly to me when they find out.”

Mr. Buttigieg said on CNN that the order to ground all departing flights was done out of an abundance of caution, but said mass disruptions to U.S. air travel are not acceptable.

“We need to design a system that does not have this kind of vulnerability,” Mr. Buttigieg said.

Julia Macpherson was on a United Airlines flight from Sydney to Los Angeles on Wednesday when she learned of possible delays.

“As I was up in the air I got news from my friend who was also travelling overseas that there was a power outage,” said Ms. Macpherson, who was returning to Florida from Hobart, Tasmania. Once she lands in Los Angeles, she still has a connection in Denver on her flight to Jacksonville, Fla.

She said there have been no announcements on the flight about the FAA issue.

Ms. Macpherson said she had already experienced a delay in her travels because her original flight from Melbourne to San Francisco was cancelled and she rebooked a flight from Sydney to Los Angeles.

Similar stories came out of Chicago, Washington, Atlanta and other major U.S. airports.

European flights into the U.S. appeared to be largely unaffected. Carriers from Ireland’s Aer Lingus to Germany’s Lufthansa said there was no impact on their schedules.

It was the latest headache for travellers in the U.S. who faced flight cancellations over the holidays amid winter storms and a breakdown with staffing technology at Southwest Airlines. They also ran into long lines, lost baggage, and cancellations and delays over the summer as travel demand roared back from the COVID-19 pandemic and ran into staffing cutbacks at airports and airlines in the U.S. and Europe.

With reports from The Globe’s Eric Atkins and The Canadian Press.