U.S. consumer prices increased broadly in July, but the signs of an acceleration in inflation will likely do little to change market expectations that the Federal Reserve will cut interest rates again next month amid worsening trade tensions.
The report from the Labour Department on Tuesday, however, lowered the chances that the U.S. central bank would cut rates by half a percentage point at its Sept. 17-18 policy meeting.
Financial markets have fully priced in a 25-basis-point reduction after a recent escalation in the bruising trade war between the United States and China, which sparked a stock market sell-off and caused an inversion of the U.S. Treasury yield curve, heightening the risk of a recession.
U.S. President Donald Trump announced last month an additional 10-per-cent tariff on US$300-billion worth of Chinese imports starting Sept. 1. China let its currency, the yuan, slide past the key 7-per-dollar level to its lowest point since the 2008 global financial crisis before trying to stem the decline.
On Tuesday, the Trump administration delayed the imposition of the additional tariff on certain Chinese imports, including technology products and clothing, until mid-December.
Economists said the move still left a cloud over the U.S. economy. Fears about the impact of the trade fight on the economic expansion, the longest in history, prompted the Fed to cut its short-term lending rate by 25 basis points last month for the first time since 2008.
“The recent pickup in inflation won’t deter the Federal Reserve from cutting interest rates in September as the downside risks to the outlook from trade have become more threatening,” said Ryan Sweet, a senior economist at Moody’s Analytics in West Chester, Penn.
The consumer price index increased 0.3 per cent last month, lifted by gains in the cost of energy products and a range of other goods, the government said. The CPI had edged up 0.1 per cent for two straight months. In the 12 months through July, the CPI increased 1.8 per cent after advancing 1.6 per cent in June.
Economists polled by Reuters had forecast the CPI would accelerate 0.3 per cent in July and rise 1.7 per cent on a year-on-year basis.
Excluding the volatile food and energy components, the CPI gained 0.3 per cent after rising by the same margin in June. It was the first time since early 2001 that what’s known as the core CPI increased 0.3 per cent for two consecutive months.
The core CPI was boosted by increases in prices for apparel, airline tickets, health care and household furnishings. In the 12 months through July, the core CPI climbed 2.2 per cent, the biggest gain in six months, after rising 2.1 per cent in June.
The three-month core inflation rate jumped 2.8 per cent, the most in eight years, supporting the view that weak inflation readings earlier in the year were caused by transitory factors.
The Fed, which has a 2-per-cent inflation target, tracks the core personal consumption expenditures (PCE) price index for monetary policy. The core PCE price index rose 1.6 per cent on a year-on-year basis in June and has undershot its target this year.
“Weak transitory components that were weighing on inflation are rebounding as expected,” said Veronica Clark, an economist at Citigroup in New York.
Stocks on Wall Street rallied on the U.S. pullback from a hard line trade stance toward China. The dollar strengthened against a basket of currencies, also boosted by the inflation data. U.S. Treasury prices fell.
BROAD INCREASES
Inflation has remained moderate despite the White House’s tariffs on Chinese imports as the duties have been largely on capital goods. Economists expect the new tariffs, which would affect mostly consumer goods, will boost inflation, regardless of the delays of duties on laptops, cellphones, video-game consoles, certain toys, computer monitors, and certain footwear and clothing items.
Goldman Sachs estimates that tariffs have boosted year-on-year core PCE inflation by 10-15 basis points so far and that the new duties will add another 20 basis points.
“There were some hints in the report that the May round of tariffs may have had some flow-through to today’s number,” said Michael Feroli, an economist at JPMorgan in New York. “Core goods prices were up a firm 0.25 per cent, with large increases in import-dependent categories like information-technology commodities and household furnishings and supplies.”
In July, gasoline prices rebounded 2.5 per cent after dropping 3.6 per cent in June. Electricity rose 0.6 per cent. Food prices were unchanged for a second straight month. Food consumed at home slipped 0.1 per cent.
Owners’ equivalent rent of primary residence, which is what a homeowner would pay to rent or receive from renting a home, rose 0.2 per cent in July, the smallest gain since December, 2018. Rents had risen by 0.3 per cent for six straight months.
Health-care costs jumped 0.5 per cent, the most since August, 2016, after advancing 0.3 per cent in June. There were increases in prices for hospital services, doctor visits and prescription medication.
Apparel prices rose 0.4 per cent after surging 1.1 per cent in June. Used motor vehicle and truck prices increased 0.9 per cent in July after rebounding 1.6 per cent in the prior month.
Prices for new motor vehicles fell 0.2 per cent. The cost of household furnishings and operations increased 0.4 per cent, rising for a third straight month, reflecting the import duties.
Airline tickets rebounded 2.3 per cent, the largest advance in a year. There were also increases in the costs of motor-vehicle insurance, personal-care products, tobacco and alcohol.