@import"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/files/interactive/assets/styles/gi-fonts.css?token=5";.no-margin-top{margin-top:0 !important}.no-margin-bottom{margin-bottom:0 !important}:root{--gi-label-box-colour: #2e2e2e;--gi-label-text-colour: #fff;--gi-label-box-colour-overlay: var(--gi-label-box-colour);--gi-label-text-colour-overlay: var(--gi-label-text-colour);--gi-bg-colour: #191919;--gi-max-width: 1600px;--gi-narrow-width: 700px}#gi-header{position:relative;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;width:100vw;left:calc(50% - 50vw)}.gi-header{color:#191919;width:100vw}@media(min-width: 1600px){.gi-header.gi-dark-bg:not(.gi-two-col):not(.gi-art-full):not(.gi-full-width){padding-bottom:2rem}}.gi-header__content{position:relative;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap}.gi-header__content figure{margin:0;padding:0}.gi-header.gi-narrow-width .gi-header__content figure{padding:0 1.25rem}@media(min-width: 768px){.gi-header.gi-narrow-width .gi-header__content figure{padding:0}}.gi-header__content h1{font-family:"Pratt-FineBold",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif;font-size:2.2rem;line-height:1.1;margin:0;font-weight:normal}.gi-header.gi-head-sans .gi-header__content h1{font-family:"GMsanC-Bold","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}@media(min-width: 768px){.gi-header__content h1{font-size:3.5rem;line-height:1.05}}.gi-header.gi-dark-bg .gi-header__content{background-color:var(--gi-bg-colour);color:#fff}.gi-header.gi-head-lrg .gi-header__content h1{font-size:2.6rem;line-height:1.05}@media(min-width: 768px){.gi-header.gi-head-lrg .gi-header__content h1{font-size:3.8rem;line-height:1}}@media(min-width: 992px){.gi-header.gi-head-lrg .gi-header__content h1{font-size:4.2rem;line-height:1}}@media(min-width: 1200px){.gi-header.gi-head-lrg .gi-header__content h1{font-size:4.7rem}}@media(min-width: 2500px){.gi-header.gi-head-lrg .gi-header__content h1{line-height:.98}}.gi-header.gi-two-col.gi-swap-col:not(.gi-art-full):not(.gi-dark-bg) .gi-header__content{border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5}@media(min-width: 1200px){.gi-header__content{padding:0}.gi-header.gi-two-col:not(.gi-art-full) .gi-header__content{-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row}.gi-header.gi-two-col:not(.gi-art-full):not(.gi-dark-bg) .gi-header__content{border-top:1px solid #e5e5e5;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5}}.gi-header__text{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;z-index:1}.gi-header.gi-two-col:not(.gi-full-width):not(.gi-art-full) .gi-header__text{max-width:800px}.gi-header.gi-two-col.gi-swap-col .gi-header__text{-webkit-box-ordinal-group:2;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1}@media(min-width: 992px){.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__text{position:absolute;text-shadow:1px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.25)}}@media(min-width: 992px){.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__text{height:100%;color:#fff;-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start;-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art).gi-head-vertical-top .gi-header__text{-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art).gi-head-vertical-centre .gi-header__text{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art).gi-head-vertical-bottom .gi-header__text{-webkit-box-align:end;-ms-flex-align:end;align-items:flex-end}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art).gi-head-horizontal-left .gi-header__text{-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art).gi-head-horizontal-centre .gi-header__text{-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art).gi-head-horizontal-right .gi-header__text{-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end}}@media(min-width: 1200px){.gi-header:not(.gi-full-width) .gi-header__text{max-width:var(--gi-max-width)}}.gi-header__headline{width:100%;max-width:700px;padding:2.75rem 1.25rem .25rem;margin:0 auto}.gi-header.gi-no-art:not(.gi-dark-bg) .gi-header__headline{padding-bottom:0}.gi-header.gi-no-art .gi-header__headline{padding-bottom:3rem}.gi-header.gi-two-col.gi-swap-col .gi-header__headline{padding-top:2rem;padding-bottom:0}.gi-header.gi-head-centre-text .gi-header__headline{text-align:center}@media(min-width: 768px){.gi-header__headline{padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:.75rem}.gi-header.gi-dark-bg .gi-header__headline{padding-top:3.25rem;padding-bottom:1.75rem}.gi-header.gi-two-col.gi-swap-col .gi-header__headline{padding-top:2.75rem;padding-bottom:1.75rem}}@media(min-width: 992px){.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__headline{padding:4rem 0 2.5rem;margin:0 4rem;max-width:560px}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art).gi-head-horizontal-centre .gi-header__headline{max-width:700px}}@media(min-width: 1200px){.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__headline{padding:5rem 0 3.5rem;margin:0 5rem}.gi-header.gi-two-col:not(.gi-no-art):not(.gi-art-full) .gi-header__headline{padding-top:1rem;padding-bottom:1rem;padding-left:4rem;padding-right:4rem;max-width:calc(700px + 8rem)}}@media(min-width: 1600px){.gi-header.gi-two-col.gi-swap-col:not(.gi-full-width):not(.gi-art-full) .gi-header__headline{padding-left:5rem;padding-right:0}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art):not(.gi-two-col) .gi-header__headline{max-width:700px}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__headline{max-width:700px}.gi-header.gi-two-col:not(.gi-no-art):not(.gi-art-full) .gi-header__headline{max-width:calc(700px + 5rem)}.gi-header.gi-two-col.gi-full-width:not(.gi-no-art):not(.gi-art-full) .gi-header__headline{max-width:calc(700px + 8rem)}}@media(min-width: 1700px){.gi-header.gi-two-col:not(.gi-full-width):not(.gi-art-full) .gi-header__headline{padding-left:0;padding-right:5rem}}.gi-header__label{display:block;text-shadow:none;font-family:"GMsans-Web-Label","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;display:inline-block;width:-webkit-max-content;width:-moz-max-content;width:max-content;font-size:.75rem;line-height:.75rem;padding:.25rem .425rem;margin-bottom:1rem;color:var(--gi-label-text-colour);background-color:var(--gi-label-box-colour)}@media(min-width: 768px){.gi-header__label{font-size:.8rem;line-height:.85rem}}@media(min-width: 992px){.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__label{color:var(--gi-label-text-colour-overlay);background-color:var(--gi-label-box-colour-overlay)}}.gi-header__deck{font-family:"Pratt",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif;font-size:clamp(1.25rem,1.6vw,1.5rem);letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.4;margin:.75rem 0 .85rem}.gi-header.gi-head-centre-text .gi-header__deck{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}@media(min-width: 1600px){.gi-header__deck{line-height:1.325}}.gi-header__rule{display:inline-block;width:35px;height:2px;background-color:#cc6703;margin-top:1.25rem}.gi-header__byline{display:block;margin:0;font-family:"GMsanC-Bold","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:.8rem;line-height:1.5;letter-spacing:.0625rem}@media(min-width: 768px){.gi-header__byline{font-size:.85rem}}@media(min-width: 1600px){.gi-header__byline{font-size:.95rem}}.gi-header__byline--secondary{margin-top:0}.gi-header__byline-beat{display:block;font-family:"GMsanC-Regular","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.725rem}.gi-header__creditline,.gi-header__timestamp,.gi-header__placeline{display:block;font-family:"GMsanC-Regular","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:.7rem;line-height:1.4;letter-spacing:.0625rem;margin-top:.15rem}.gi-header__subscribed{display:inline-block;font-family:"GMsanC-Bold","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.75rem;line-height:.75rem;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;letter-spacing:.0625rem;text-transform:uppercase;padding:.25rem .4375rem;margin-top:.3125rem;background-color:#4c4c4c}.gi-header__art{position:relative;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;width:100%;background-color:#fff}@media(min-width: 1200px){.gi-header:not(.gi-full-width) .gi-header__art{max-width:var(--gi-max-width)}}@media(min-width: 768px){.gi-header:not(.gi-full-width).gi-narrow-width .gi-header__art{max-width:var(--gi-narrow-width)}}@media(min-width: 1200px){.gi-header.gi-two-col:not(.gi-full-width):not(.gi-art-full) .gi-header__art{max-width:800px}}@media(min-width: 992px){.gi-header__art:before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;pointer-events:none}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art).gi-art-gradient.gi-head-horizontal-left .gi-header__art:before{background:-webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, from(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4)), to(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)));background:linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0))}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art).gi-art-gradient.gi-head-horizontal-right .gi-header__art:before{background:-webkit-gradient(linear, right top, left top, from(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4)), to(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)));background:linear-gradient(270deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0))}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art).gi-art-gradient.gi-head-horizontal-centre .gi-header__art:before{background:-webkit-gradient(linear, right top, left top, from(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)), color-stop(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4)), to(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)));background:linear-gradient(270deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0))}}.gi-header__art img,.gi-header__art video{display:block;width:100%}.gi-header__caption{position:relative;width:100vw;color:#595959;padding:1rem 1.25rem;font-family:"GMsanC-Regular","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5;letter-spacing:.0125rem;left:calc(50% - 50vw)}.gi-header__caption .gi-header__caption-cutline,.gi-header__caption .gi-header__caption-credit{display:block;margin:0 auto;padding-bottom:.35rem}.gi-header__caption .gi-header__caption-credit{font-size:.875rem;text-transform:uppercase;padding:0}.gi-header.gi-dark-bg:not(.gi-art-full) .gi-header__caption{background-color:#fff;color:#595959}@media(min-width: 1600px){.gi-header.gi-dark-bg:not(.gi-full-width) .gi-header__caption{background-color:var(--gi-bg-colour);color:#fff;padding-bottom:2rem}}@media(min-width: 1200px){.gi-header.gi-dark-bg.gi-two-col .gi-header__caption{background-color:#fff;color:#595959}}.gi-header-caption-cont{width:100%;margin:0 auto}@media(min-width: 768px){.gi-header-caption-cont{max-width:680px}}@media(min-width: 1024px){.gi-header-caption-cont{max-width:700px}}.gi-header-audio{margin-top:1.125rem;margin-bottom:1.125rem}.gi-header-audio.gi-no-audio{display:none}.gi-header__actions{display:block;margin-top:1rem}.gi-header__actions .c-article-meta{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;border-color:#e5e5e5}.gi-header.gi-head-centre-text .gi-header__actions .c-article-meta{-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center}.gi-header.gi-dark-bg .gi-header__actions .c-article-meta{border-color:rgba(255,255,255,.1)}@media(min-width: 992px){.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__actions .c-article-meta{border-color:rgba(255,255,255,.1)}}#title-content-area{height:0px}.o-primary-header:only-child{margin:0}.o-primary-header{display:none}.c-article-meta{display:none}.l-grid--article-no-sidebar .l-grid--main .l-article{margin-top:0}.l-grid--article-no-sidebar .l-grid--main .l-article>:first-child:not(.rawHtml){margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.no-margin-top{margin-top:0 !important}.no-margin-bottom{margin-bottom:0 !important}.gi-header.gi-dark-bg .gi-header__actions .c-button:not(:is(.popover .c-button)){color:#fff}.gi-header.gi-dark-bg .gi-header__actions .c-button:not(:is(.popover .c-button)):hover,.gi-header.gi-dark-bg .gi-header__actions .c-button:not(:is(.popover .c-button)):focus{color:#333;background-color:#fff}.gi-header.gi-dark-bg .gi-header__actions .c-button:not(:is(.popover .c-button)):hover .c-button__icon:not(:is(.popover .c-button__icon)),.gi-header.gi-dark-bg .gi-header__actions .c-button:not(:is(.popover .c-button)):focus .c-button__icon:not(:is(.popover .c-button__icon)){fill:#333}.gi-header.gi-dark-bg .gi-header__actions .c-button__icon:not(:is(.popover .c-button__icon)){fill:#fff}@media(min-width: 992px){.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__actions .c-button:not(:is(.popover .c-button)){color:#fff;text-shadow:1px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.25)}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__actions .c-button:not(:is(.popover .c-button)):hover,.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__actions .c-button:not(:is(.popover .c-button)):focus{color:#333;text-shadow:none}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__actions .c-button:not(:is(.popover .c-button)):hover .c-button__icon:not(:is(.popover .c-button__icon)),.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__actions .c-button:not(:is(.popover .c-button)):focus .c-button__icon:not(:is(.popover .c-button__icon)){fill:#333}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__actions .c-button__icon:not(:is(.popover .c-button__icon)){fill:#fff}}.popover{text-shadow:none}.article-toolbar{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center}@media(max-width: 47.99rem){.article-toolbar:first-child{margin-left:0}}