@import"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/files/interactive/assets/styles/gi-fonts.css?token=5";#title-content-area{height:0px}.o-primary-header:only-child{margin:0}.o-primary-header,.c-article-meta{display:none}.l-grid--article-no-sidebar .l-grid--main .l-article{margin-top:0}.l-grid--article-no-sidebar .l-grid--main .l-article>:first-child:not(.rawHtml){margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.gi-header.gi-dark-bg .gi-header__actions .tgam-button:not(:is(.tgam-popover .tgam-button)){color:#fff}.gi-header.gi-dark-bg .gi-header__actions .tgam-button:not(:is(.tgam-popover .tgam-button)):hover,.gi-header.gi-dark-bg .gi-header__actions .tgam-button:not(:is(.tgam-popover .tgam-button)):focus{text-decoration:underline}.gi-header.gi-dark-bg .gi-header__actions svg:not(:is(.tgam-popover svg)){fill:#fff}@media (min-width: 992px){.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__actions .tgam-button:not(:is(.tgam-popover .tgam-button)){color:#fff;text-shadow:1px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.25)}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__actions .tgam-button:not(:is(.tgam-popover .tgam-button)):hover,.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__actions .tgam-button:not(:is(.tgam-popover .tgam-button)):focus{text-decoration:underline}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__actions svg:not(:is(.tgam-popover svg)){fill:#fff}}.tgam-popover{text-shadow:none}.article-toolbar{align-items:center}@media (max-width: 47.99rem){.article-toolbar:first-child{margin-left:0}}:root{--gi-label-box-colour: #2e2e2e;--gi-label-text-colour: #fff;--gi-label-box-colour-overlay: var(--gi-label-box-colour);--gi-label-text-colour-overlay: var(--gi-label-text-colour);--gi-bg-colour: #191919;--gi-max-width: 1600px;--gi-narrow-width: 700px}#gi-header{position:relative;display:flex;align-items:center;flex-direction:column;width:100vw;left:calc(50% - 50vw)}.gi-header{color:#191919;width:100vw}@media (min-width: 1600px){.gi-header.gi-dark-bg:not(.gi-two-col):not(.gi-art-full):not(.gi-full-width){padding-bottom:2rem}}.gi-header__content{position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap}.gi-header__content figure{margin:0;padding:0}.gi-header.gi-narrow-width .gi-header__content figure{padding:0 1.25rem}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-header.gi-narrow-width .gi-header__content figure{padding:0}}.gi-header__content h1{font-family:Pratt-FineBold,Georgia,Times New Roman,Times,serif;font-size:2.2rem;line-height:1.1;margin:0;font-weight:400}.gi-header.gi-head-sans .gi-header__content h1{font-family:GMsanC-Bold,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-header__content h1{font-size:3.5rem;line-height:1.05}}.gi-header.gi-dark-bg .gi-header__content{background-color:var(--gi-bg-colour);color:#fff}.gi-header.gi-head-lrg .gi-header__content h1{font-size:2.6rem;line-height:1.05}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-header.gi-head-lrg .gi-header__content h1{font-size:3.8rem;line-height:1}}@media (min-width: 992px){.gi-header.gi-head-lrg .gi-header__content h1{font-size:4.2rem;line-height:1}}@media (min-width: 1200px){.gi-header.gi-head-lrg .gi-header__content h1{font-size:4.7rem}}@media (min-width: 2500px){.gi-header.gi-head-lrg .gi-header__content h1{line-height:.98}}.gi-header.gi-two-col.gi-swap-col:not(.gi-art-full):not(.gi-dark-bg) .gi-header__content{border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5}@media (min-width: 1200px){.gi-header__content{padding:0}.gi-header.gi-two-col:not(.gi-art-full) .gi-header__content{flex-direction:row}.gi-header.gi-two-col:not(.gi-art-full):not(.gi-dark-bg) .gi-header__content{border-top:1px solid #e5e5e5;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5}}.gi-header__text{display:flex;width:100%;flex:1;z-index:1}.gi-header.gi-two-col:not(.gi-full-width):not(.gi-art-full) .gi-header__text{max-width:800px}.gi-header.gi-two-col.gi-swap-col .gi-header__text{order:1}@media (min-width: 992px){.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__text{position:absolute;text-shadow:1px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.25)}}@media (min-width: 992px){.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__text{height:100%;color:#fff;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:flex-start}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art).gi-head-vertical-top .gi-header__text{align-items:flex-start}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art).gi-head-vertical-centre .gi-header__text{align-items:center}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art).gi-head-vertical-bottom .gi-header__text{align-items:flex-end}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art).gi-head-horizontal-left .gi-header__text{justify-content:flex-start}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art).gi-head-horizontal-centre .gi-header__text{justify-content:center}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art).gi-head-horizontal-right .gi-header__text{justify-content:flex-end}}@media (min-width: 1200px){.gi-header:not(.gi-full-width) .gi-header__text{max-width:var(--gi-max-width)}}.gi-header__headline{width:100%;max-width:700px;padding:2.75rem 1.25rem .25rem;margin:0 auto}.gi-header.gi-no-art:not(.gi-dark-bg) .gi-header__headline{padding-bottom:0}.gi-header.gi-no-art .gi-header__headline{padding-bottom:3rem}.gi-header.gi-two-col.gi-swap-col .gi-header__headline{padding-top:2rem;padding-bottom:0}.gi-header.gi-head-centre-text .gi-header__headline{text-align:center}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-header__headline{padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:.75rem}.gi-header.gi-dark-bg .gi-header__headline{padding-top:3.25rem;padding-bottom:1.75rem}.gi-header.gi-two-col.gi-swap-col .gi-header__headline{padding-top:2.75rem;padding-bottom:1.75rem}}@media (min-width: 992px){.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__headline{padding:4rem 0 2.5rem;margin:0 4rem;max-width:560px}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art).gi-head-horizontal-centre .gi-header__headline{max-width:700px}}@media (min-width: 1200px){.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__headline{padding:5rem 0 3.5rem;margin:0 5rem}.gi-header.gi-two-col:not(.gi-no-art):not(.gi-art-full) .gi-header__headline{padding:1rem 4rem;max-width:calc(700px + 8rem)}}@media (min-width: 1600px){.gi-header.gi-two-col.gi-swap-col:not(.gi-full-width):not(.gi-art-full) .gi-header__headline{padding-left:5rem;padding-right:0}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art):not(.gi-two-col) .gi-header__headline{max-width:700px}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__headline{max-width:700px}.gi-header.gi-two-col:not(.gi-no-art):not(.gi-art-full) .gi-header__headline{max-width:calc(700px + 5rem)}.gi-header.gi-two-col.gi-full-width:not(.gi-no-art):not(.gi-art-full) .gi-header__headline{max-width:calc(700px + 8rem)}}@media (min-width: 1700px){.gi-header.gi-two-col:not(.gi-full-width):not(.gi-art-full) .gi-header__headline{padding-left:0;padding-right:5rem}}.gi-header__label{display:block;text-shadow:none;font-family:GMsans-Web-Label,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;display:inline-block;width:max-content;font-size:.75rem;line-height:.75rem;padding:.25rem .425rem;margin-bottom:1rem;color:var(--gi-label-text-colour);background-color:var(--gi-label-box-colour)}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-header__label{font-size:.8rem;line-height:.85rem}}@media (min-width: 992px){.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__label{color:var(--gi-label-text-colour-overlay);background-color:var(--gi-label-box-colour-overlay)}}.gi-header__deck{font-family:Pratt,Georgia,Times New Roman,Times,serif;font-size:clamp(1.25rem,1.6vw,1.5rem);letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.4;margin:.75rem 0 .85rem}.gi-header.gi-head-centre-text .gi-header__deck{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}@media (min-width: 1600px){.gi-header__deck{line-height:1.325}}.gi-header__rule{display:inline-block;width:35px;height:2px;background-color:#cc6703;margin-top:1.25rem}.gi-header__byline{display:block;margin:0;font-family:GMsanC-Bold,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:.8rem;line-height:1.5;letter-spacing:.0525rem}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-header__byline{font-size:.95rem}}.gi-header__byline span{font-family:GMsanC-Regular,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.gi-header__byline a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}.gi-header__byline a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.gi-header__byline a:after{content:"";display:inline-block;width:.8rem;height:.525rem;margin-left:.15rem;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width='9' height='11' viewBox='0 0 9 14' fill='none' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cg clip-path='url(%23clip0_1535_2931)'%3E%3Cpath d='M2.62499 13.1251C2.40109 13.1251 2.17709 13.0397 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8.83557 7.2771 8.49377 7.6189L3.24377 12.8689C3.07342 13.0403 2.8492 13.1251 2.62499 13.1251Z' fill='%23FFFFFF'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3CclipPath id='clip0_1535_2931'%3E%3Crect width='8.75' height='14' fill='white'/%3E%3C/clipPath%3E%3C/defs%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-header__byline a:after{width:.875rem;height:.65rem}}@media (min-width: 992px){.gi-header.gi-art-full .gi-header__byline a:after{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width='9' height='11' viewBox='0 0 9 14' fill='none' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cg clip-path='url(%23clip0_1535_2931)'%3E%3Cpath d='M2.62499 13.1251C2.40109 13.1251 2.17709 13.0397 2.00647 12.8688C1.66467 12.527 1.66467 11.9733 2.00647 11.6315L6.63905 7.00011L2.00647 2.3689C1.66467 2.0271 1.66467 1.47339 2.00647 1.13159C2.34827 0.789795 2.90198 0.789795 3.24377 1.13159L8.49377 6.38159C8.83557 6.72339 8.83557 7.2771 8.49377 7.6189L3.24377 12.8689C3.07342 13.0403 2.8492 13.1251 2.62499 13.1251Z' fill='%23FFFFFF'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3CclipPath id='clip0_1535_2931'%3E%3Crect width='8.75' height='14' fill='white'/%3E%3C/clipPath%3E%3C/defs%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}}.gi-header__byline--secondary{margin-top:0}.gi-header__byline-beat{display:block;font-family:GMsanC-Regular,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.725rem}.gi-header__creditline,.gi-header__timestamp,.gi-header__placeline{display:block;font-family:GMsanC-Regular,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:.7rem;line-height:1.4;letter-spacing:.0525rem;margin-top:.15rem}.gi-header__subscribed{display:inline-block;font-family:GMsanC-Bold,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.75rem;line-height:.75rem;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;letter-spacing:.0525rem;text-transform:uppercase;padding:.25rem .4375rem;margin-top:.3125rem;background-color:#4c4c4c}.gi-header__art{position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex:1;width:100%;background-color:#fff}@media (min-width: 1200px){.gi-header:not(.gi-full-width) .gi-header__art{max-width:var(--gi-max-width)}}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-header:not(.gi-full-width).gi-narrow-width .gi-header__art{max-width:var(--gi-narrow-width)}}@media (min-width: 1200px){.gi-header.gi-two-col:not(.gi-full-width):not(.gi-art-full) .gi-header__art{max-width:800px}}@media (min-width: 992px){.gi-header__art:before{content:"";position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;pointer-events:none}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art).gi-art-gradient.gi-head-horizontal-left .gi-header__art:before{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#0006,#0000)}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art).gi-art-gradient.gi-head-horizontal-right .gi-header__art:before{background:linear-gradient(270deg,#0006,#0000)}.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art).gi-art-gradient.gi-head-horizontal-centre .gi-header__art:before{background:linear-gradient(270deg,#0000,#0006,#0000)}}.gi-header__art img,.gi-header__art video{display:block;width:100%}.gi-header__caption{position:relative;width:100vw;color:#595959;padding:1rem 1.25rem;font-family:GMsanC-Regular,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5;letter-spacing:.0125rem;left:calc(50% - 50vw)}.gi-header__caption .gi-header__caption-cutline,.gi-header__caption .gi-header__caption-credit{display:block;margin:0 auto;padding-bottom:.35rem}.gi-header__caption .gi-header__caption-credit{font-size:.875rem;text-transform:uppercase;padding:0}.gi-header.gi-dark-bg:not(.gi-art-full) .gi-header__caption{background-color:#fff;color:#595959}@media (min-width: 1600px){.gi-header.gi-dark-bg:not(.gi-full-width) .gi-header__caption{background-color:var(--gi-bg-colour);color:#fff;padding-bottom:2rem}}@media (min-width: 1200px){.gi-header.gi-dark-bg.gi-two-col .gi-header__caption{background-color:#fff;color:#595959}}.gi-header-caption-cont{width:100%;margin:0 auto}@media (min-width: 768px){.gi-header-caption-cont{max-width:680px}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.gi-header-caption-cont{max-width:700px}}.gi-header-audio{margin-top:1.125rem;margin-bottom:1.125rem}.gi-header-audio.gi-no-audio{display:none}.gi-header__actions{display:block;margin-top:1rem}.gi-header__actions .article-toolbar,.gi-header__actions .c-article-meta{display:flex;border-color:#e5e5e5}.gi-header.gi-head-centre-text .gi-header__actions .article-toolbar,.gi-header.gi-head-centre-text .gi-header__actions .c-article-meta{justify-content:center}.gi-header.gi-dark-bg .gi-header__actions .article-toolbar,.gi-header.gi-dark-bg .gi-header__actions .c-article-meta{border-color:#ffffff1a}@media (min-width: 992px){.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__actions .article-toolbar,.gi-header.gi-art-full:not(.gi-no-art) .gi-header__actions .c-article-meta{border-color:#ffffff1a}}.embedded-audio-player{margin:0 0 1.5rem}