Ben Carlson is a columnist with Bloomberg News and director of institutional asset management at Ritholtz Wealth Management.
Investing in commodities is tough. Things are so tough, in fact, that many commodities traders are fleeing the business altogether.
The recent performance of these hard assets shows why this is the case. While U.S. stocks are up for almost nine years in a row, commodities are in the midst of a prolonged drawdown. A broad basket of commodities, as measured by the Bloomberg commodities index, is down around 5 per cent this year. Although they were up double digits last year, commodities fell five years in a row from 2011 to 2015.
Over the past 10 years, the Bloomberg commodities index is down 6.5 per cent a year for a total loss of almost 50 per cent. Over that same time frame, the S&P 500 is up a total of close to 100 per cent, or a 7-per-cent annual return.
Investors need to understand what they're getting themselves into when thinking about commodities.
While the Goldman Sachs commodities index goes back to the 1970s, it was virtually impossible for investors to invest in a basket of commodities until the early-1990s, unless they held a seat on the futures exchange. The fact that there were far fewer speculators in commodities means it was much easier to take advantage of mispricing in the pre-1990s period. There are now hedge funds, institutional investors and exchange-traded funds investing in these markets, making it much harder to extract profits.
There is also no financial reason that dictates that commodities must exhibit mean reversion. They provide no dividends or income. They don't have earnings. Commodities are more of an input than a financial asset. In many ways, a bet for commodities is a bet against technology and innovation.
The Bloomberg commodities index goes back to 1991. The performance statistics through June of this year, shown in the table below, show why commodities are a poor long-term investment in comparison to stocks and even cash. Commodities have shown lower returns than cash equivalents with higher volatility than stocks. This is a poor risk-return relationship.
One of the reasons many investors have added commodities to their portfolios is because they can provide correlation benefits by zigging when stocks zag. But since 1991, the correlation of stocks to commodities was 0.30 while the correlation of stocks to one-month Treasuries was 0.04. This means cash not only provided better returns with lower volatility, but did so with less correlation to stocks than commodities.
These numbers make it clear that commodities do not make a great addition as a strategic holding for a long-term investor. This doesn't mean, however, that commodities never represent a good trading opportunity. While total returns of the Bloomberg commodities index ended up underperforming cash and inflation figures since 1991, there were enormous boom and bust cycles, providing traders with ample opportunity to either make or lose large amounts of money.
The problem with the cyclical nature of commodities is that the boom periods tend to invite long-term investors into the space because they become enchanted with the size of the short-term profits. This is what happened to many investors in the mid-2000s as commodities had a huge runup in prices. As it became easier to invest in the space more and more investors piled in. That has likely exasperated the volatility in recent years as those gains have mostly been given back.
So even though it's possible that commodities could be setting up for a huge reversal in the coming years, investors must understand what they're getting themselves into. Over the long haul, you should expect commodities to track closely to the rate of inflation should technological progress continue to pay dividends for society.
Although commodities are likely a poor bet for long-term, buy-and-hold investors, they will still tend to offer traders profit opportunities on both the long and the short side, depending on where we are in the cycle. The problem is that it's very difficult to call the turning point in these markets as painful downturns can always see more pain ahead.