Forget a year-end rally in financial markets. The message from major central banks is loud and clear: The battle to tame inflation is far from over.
Central banks in the United States, euro zone, Britain and Switzerland met on Wednesday and Thursday and all slowed the pace of aggressive rate moves.
But their signalling was not what markets, which have rallied hard in recent weeks on the notion of peak inflation and peak interest rates, wanted to hear.
European Central Bank President Christine Lagarde said to expect more 50-basis-point rate increases for a period of time and that the ECB was not “pivoting” yet.
It hiked rates by 50 bps on Thursday after delivering two back-to-back 75 bps moves to tame double-digit inflation.
Government bond markets took a beating. As prices slid, the yields on interest rate-sensitive, two-year German bonds surged 24 bps, their biggest one-day jump since 2008.
Italian borrowing costs were last up almost 30 bps at 4.13 per cent, while European shares slid nearly 3 per cent and stocks on Wall Street tumbled 2 per cent.
“The reaction in European bond markets has been brutal,” said Antoine Lesne, head of EMEA strategy and research for State Street’s SPDR ETF business.
A slight drop in euro area inflation in November, to an annual rate of 10 per cent, had sparked market speculation that the ECB might pivot away from its fight against soaring prices.
“The market had been getting ahead of itself about the euro area in the past few weeks … they’re now repricing the fact that the ECB is going to have to remain hawkish,” Mr. Lesne said.
Ed Hutchings, head of rates at Aviva Investors, said he expected peripheral European bonds to “struggle” from here and European bonds in general to be somewhat less supported.
Federal Reserve chief Jerome Powell meanwhile warned on Wednesday that recent signs U.S. inflation may be slowing have not brought any confidence yet that the fight has been won.
“Forget the Santa rally … the Fed looks more like the Grinch this Christmas,” said John Leiper, CIO of Titan Asset Management.
On Thursday, the S&P 500 fell to its lowest level in a month. On Tuesday, the index had jumped as much as 2.76 per cent to a three-month high as an unexpectedly small rise in consumer price inflation buoyed hopes that the Fed could soon dial back its rate hikes. The S&P has lost more than 16 per cent this year.
Canada’s main stock index slumped to a five-week low on Thursday, closing down 1.5 per cent.
Switzerland’s central bank chief Thomas Jordan also weighed in after a 50 bps hike, saying it was too early to “sound the all-clear” on inflation.
“It does feel like the major central banks, including the Fed, are having to fight a market narrative of relief that we’ve hit peak rates,” said Hetal Mehta, senior European economist at Legal & General Investment Management.
Recent data showing inflation in the United States and Europe easing slightly caused bond yields to come off multiyear highs and the S&P 500 to rally over 10 per cent from a low in October.
While U.S. 10-year Treasury yields are still set to end the year up 200 bps, they are down 32 bps in Q4, in what is set to be their biggest quarterly drop since early 2020. German benchmark Bund yields are also up 200 bps over 2022 but stand almost 50 bps lower than a multiyear high of 2.5 per cent reached in October.
Such sharp moves loosen the very financial conditions that central banks are trying to tighten in order to contain inflation.
Speaking at Thursday’s postdecision news conference, the ECB’s Lagarde referenced financing conditions and said further tightening was needed.
“A market rally would be an easing of financial conditions that jars with the idea that they [policy makers] need to get interest rates into restrictive territory,” said Ms. Mehta.
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