U.S. stock investors are wary that a 30-per-cent slump in oil prices will pressure corporate profits while also presenting a sign of weakness in global growth at a time they are already weighing when the long economic expansion will end.
Oil prices fell further on Thursday as the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries met in Vienna. OPEC and allied exporting countries ended the meeting without announcing a decision to cut crude output, and prepared to debate the matter the next day.
Oil’s drop holds economic benefits, including lower costs for some companies and cheaper fuel prices for consumers. But investors were already bracing for a significant drop in U.S. profit growth next year, and the oil price slump is poised to bite into profits for energy producers and related companies that are part of Wall Street’s benchmark S&P 500 stock index .
OPEC and allied producers used output cuts to curb an oil glut that sent prices from late 2014 into a prolonged slump, bringing prices to below US$30 a barrel at the start of 2016. But supplies are growing again, and the U.S.-China trade war and other factors have investors worried that slowing economic growth could erase demand and send prices still lower.
“What started the sell-off on oil was a supply issue,” said Alicia Levine, chief market strategist at BNY Mellon Investment Management. “In the last couple of weeks, what we are getting is fears of slowing demand. And fears of slowing demand are directly related to fears of global growth slowdown.”
Crude oil prices have fallen 30 per cent or more 13 times since 1982, according to Ed Clissold, chief U.S. strategist at Ned Davis Research. Of the prior 12 occurrences, the oil drop overlapped eight times with what Ned Davis Research defines as a cyclical bear market - a 30-per-cent drop in the Dow Jones Industrial Average after 50 calendar days or a 13-per-cent decline after 145 calendar days.
However, finds Mr. Clissold, in only three of those cases did the oil decline overlap with a U.S. economic recession.
Futures contracts for U.S. crude, known as West Texas Intermediate (WTI), topped US75 a barrel in early October. The commodity slid to as low as US$49.41 last week, and was trading just above US$50 on Thursday. Brent, the global crude benchmark, has notched a similar percentage drop.
“Somewhere in the $50-60 level, it’s probably a good level for the market, because producers are making enough money and it’s also helping the consumer,” said Keith Lerner, chief market strategist at SunTrust Advisory Services in Atlanta. “But if you see an abrupt move down, the bigger concern is what is that signaling about the global economy.”
Oil’s decline has coincided with increased turbulence in the stock market. The benchmark S&P 500 late last month confirmed a correction, a decline of more than 10 per cent from its all-time high. Still, investor optimism about a less aggressive path of U.S. interest-rate hikes prompted a modest market rebound.
Both oil and equities markets have been focused on international trade, China’s economic health and the global economy, said David Katz, chief investment officer at Matrix Asset Advisors in New York.
“For the near term, the two are very closely correlated,” Mr. Katz said.
Since oil’s October peak, the S&P 500 energy sector has dropped about 19 per cent, twice the drop for the overall S&P 500. Analysts have been lowering earnings estimates for the sector, with S&P 500 energy companies now expected to increase earnings by 21.1 per cent in 2019, down from an expectation of 26.2 per cent on Oct 1, according to IBES data from Refinitiv.
Many investors see positives in the oil drop, including a potential stimulus for consumer spending through lower gasoline prices. Lower fuel prices could help check inflation, allowing the Federal Reserve to slow its program of U.S. interest rate hikes.
But David Bianco, Americas chief investment officer for DWS, estimates that every US$5-a-barrel decline in oil prices shaves US$1 to US$1.50 a share from S&P 500 earnings. The S&P 500 is expected to earn US$162.83 a share this year, according to IBES data from Refinitiv.
That earnings effect includes not just energy companies, but also industrial manufacturers that service the energy sector. It also accounts for any earnings boost for companies such as airlines and consumer companies that benefit from lower fuel prices.
“The S&P is much more of a commodity producer than a commodity user,” Mr. Bianco said. “Higher commodity prices bring higher profits and lower commodity prices bring lower profits ... this is one of the most reliable relationships when it comes to corporate profitability of them all.”