Illustration by The Globe and Mail (images: NIAID/National Institutes of Health, AP)
In 2014, Robert F. Kennedy Jr. had a problem. No one was listening to him.
Despite being the nephew of the 35th president and part of America’s most famous family, Mr. Kennedy Jr. couldn’t persuade U.S. senators to take seriously his concerns about thimerosal, a mercury-containing preservative once used widely in childhood vaccines.
Some, such as Bernie Sanders, took his meetings. But ultimately the politicians brushed off his claims that thimerosal caused autism. “I’m completely … alone on this,” the 66-year-old told a reporter from the Washington Post that year.
RFK Jr. – as he is known – is isolated no longer.
The anti-vaxxer, once lauded as a hero because of his decades-long work as an environmental lawyer, has amassed a groundswell of support on social media and is one of the world’s top “superspreaders” of medical misinformation.
An analysis by the news organization Tortoise of more than 145,000 Facebook and Instagram posts containing examples of verified misinformation shows that on both platforms Mr. Kennedy Jr.’s posts have achieved a greater level of impact than anyone else’s.
Who are the super-spreaders? A graphic guide
Like other conspiracy theorists, he has gained popularity during the COVID-19 pandemic by adapting his anti-vaccine messages to fit the crisis, firing off false allegations against Microsoft founder Bill Gates and about the safety of 5G telecom networks. Since February, Mr. Kennedy Jr.’s social-media support has tripled from 229,000 followers to 665,000 today.
In a rare interview, Mr. Kennedy Jr. was combative.
Speaking from his home in Los Angeles, he accused Facebook and Instagram of censoring him. He attacked the fact-checking platforms that have found many of his posts to be untrue, claiming that they act to protect the interests of Big Pharma. He was resolute in his position that he was protecting public health.
“Does it trouble me that people are angry at me? No, it does not. That’s what I signed on for,” he said.
A post on Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s Instagram page accuses the heads of Amazon, Facebook, Microsoft, Google and Bloomberg of 'censorship' and profiting off the COVID-19 pandemic.Instagram (@robertfkennedyjr)
Mr. Kennedy Jr.’s transformation is symbolic of a broader shift in the United States.
Once-fringe ideas have been promoted to millions of Americans by a President who has given a warm reception to conspiracy theories and is intent on sowing mistrust and confusion.
Donald Trump himself used to be an enthusiastic supporter of the disproven claim that vaccines are linked to autism, and during the pandemic, he has been derided by the medical and scientific community for advocating the use of bleach and ultraviolet light as a cure for coronavirus. In July, Mr. Trump and his son, Donald Trump Jr., tweeted a video of a doctor claiming falsely that hydroxychloroquine is the cure for COVID-19. By some estimates, the video was viewed by 20 million people.
These claims are having a measurable effect on public health. Last year, the U.S. suffered its worst measles outbreak in a generation owing to a drop in the number of children receiving the MMR vaccine. The same year, the World Health Organization listed vaccine hesitancy as one of the top 10 threats to global health.
Now, as almost 200,000 have lost their lives to coronavirus in the U.S., a study by two academics has found that 23 per cent of Americans would not be willing to get vaccinated against COVID-19.
During the worst public-health emergency in a century, the stakes could not be higher.
Mr. Kennedy and his wife, actress Cheryl Hines, attend the Screen Actors Guild Awards in Los Angeles in 2018.Axelle/Bauer-Griffin/FilmMagic
Mr. Kennedy Jr. lives in Los Angeles with his third wife, Hollywood actor Cheryl Hines. He is at the heart of a group of vaccine-skeptical celebrities, environmentalists and natural health proponents who have found common cause with libertarians who harbour suspicions about corporate power and America’s “deep state.”
These include former doctor Andrew Wakefield, the discredited British anti-vaxxer now dating supermodel Elle MacPherson, as well as actors such as Robert De Niro and Jim Carrey. All have helped Mr. Kennedy Jr. and others to undermine U.S. vaccination programs, critics say, often with great success. But Mr. Kennedy Jr. is the jewel in the crown, his name and platform offering legitimacy to a movement that was stuck on the fringes.
“Kennedy Jr is one of the main anti-vaxx voices out there,” Tim Caulfield, professor of health law and science policy at the University of Alberta, told Tortoise.
“He comes with some credibility with his name and the work he’s done in the environmental space. He’s more likely to get a seat at the table and be viewed as a credible voice.”
Mr. Kennedy Jr. and his networks have grown better organized in recent years, fuelled by social media. In July, the Britain-based nonprofit Center for Countering Digital Hate found that anti-vaxx social-media accounts attracted 58 million followers. As with the Tortoise data, the group identified Mr. Kennedy Jr. as leading this trend, particularly on Instagram, where he added more than 336,000 followers in a matter of months.
“The anti-vaccine movement has started connecting with groups and individuals protesting against government interference and social distancing,” Paul Offit, a professor of pediatrics and vaccine expert who has repeatedly clashed with Mr. Kennedy Jr., wrote recently. “This is an extension of the anti-vaccine movement’s earlier pivot to the political far right based on choice or health freedom.”
Former British medical researcher Andrew Wakefield is one of the anti-vaccination advocates who, like Mr. Kennedy, have grown more vocal during the pandemic.LUKE MACGREGOR
To the consternation of public-health officials, Mr. Kennedy Jr. and other high-profile anti-vaxxers are increasingly refocusing their attention on COVID-19, seizing on the anxiety and social unrest generated by the virus.
In an online health conference in April, attended by Mr. Kennedy Jr., Mr. Wakefield suggested that the public had reached a point where they were now “sufficiently skeptical of vaccines.” He suggested COVID-19 was “a fallacy,” that people’s health freedoms were being violated and that coronavirus was no worse than seasonal flu.
These ideas were going viral. A month later, a 26-minute video called Plandemic falsely claimed that a cabal of elites was using the virus to profit and gain power. It was viewed more than eight million times, according to The New York Times.
“While the number of hardcore anti-vaxxers is relatively small, because of social media that small group can have a huge impact,” Prof. Caulfield said. “They are incredibly nimble, and know how to move platform to platform.”
On his own media platforms, Mr. Kennedy Jr. has implied that Mr. Gates and Dr. Anthony Fauci, America’s top infectious diseases expert, have an economic interest in promoting vaccines for COVID-19. Alongside one image of Mr. Gates, Mr. Kennedy Jr. posted an Albert Camus quote: “The welfare of Humanity is always the alibi of tyrants.”
In another Instagram image, Mr. Kennedy Jr. depicts Dr. Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and Mr. Gates as Dr. Evil and Mini-Me from Austin Powers. “We have a vaccine to save the world,” the image runs. “It’s going to cost you $6 trillion dollars.” Ms. MacPherson liked the post.
A June 23 post on Mr. Kennedy's Instagram account portrays Microsoft CEO Bill Gates and epidemiologist Dr. Anthony Fauci as Dr. Evil and Mini-Me.Instagram (@robertfkennedyjr)
In a YouTube video that has attracted almost one million views, Mr. Kennedy Jr. accuses Mr. Gates of developing an “injectable chip” to enable the tracking of human movements. He muses on a dark future where Microsoft will be able to follow anyone through biometrics – and he has suggested that police would be able to use the technology to track recent movements, criminal records and recent purchases.
When Tortoise put it to Mr. Kennedy Jr. that multiple leading fact-checking websites had found these claims to be untrue, he said: “Are you saying to me that Bill Gates has not invested in technologies for sub-dermal chipping? … I think it is $23-million in the last two years that Gates has invested in an MIT project to microchip people to track their medical records. And, you know, I can go back to my article and show you the names of the investments which are sourced from Gates' own materials. I have written extensively about this. Every statement that I make is fact-checked.”
Joseph Uscinski, associate professor of political science at the University of Miami and the author of two books on conspiracy theories, has been tracking the real-time reception of new claims during the pandemic. His most recent polling suggests 13 per cent of Americans believe that Mr. Gates is “behind the coronavirus pandemic,” and 17 per cent said they thought the coronavirus was being used as a cover to install tracking devices inside our bodies. Around 30 per cent said they believed that the pandemic was being exaggerated for political purposes.
The Tortoise data show that – for Mr. Kennedy Jr. – posts about Mr. Gates and 5G technology are a relatively new phenomenon.
He only started posting claims against 5G, the new telecom technology, in October, 2019, for instance. Now, however, Mr. Kennedy Jr. posts anti-5G content once every seven days. These posts include claims that 5G damages human DNA, causes cancer and is being installed in order to carry out mass surveillance. It’s easy to see a motivation behind his sudden interest: 5G-related posts have garnered him more than 400,000 likes or other interactions.
Similarly, Mr. Kennedy Jr. .only posted about Mr. Gates twice prior to December, 2019, but since then has mentioned Mr. Gates once every five days. His highest-ever performing post was about Mr. Gates, and was flagged by PolitiFact as false: It claimed that the Gates Foundation paralyzed 496,000 children in India when it tested a polio vaccine. He has also accused Mr. Gates of profiting from the pandemic, of wanting to “genetically modify” humanity and of controlling not only the World Health Organization but also “the flow of global information.” So far, Mr. Kennedy Jr.’s posts about Mr. Gates have achieved more than one million likes, shares and clicks.
When asked about the diversification of his messaging, Mr. sKennedy Jr. forcefully defended his claims about 5G. “Show me a study that says 5G is safe,” he said. “Show me one, because I can show you 10,000. That’s not hyperbole 10,000, including a $28-million study. It causes cancer. It causes DNA dysfunction. It penetrates the blood brain barrier. It’s making our children stupider and sicker.”
Anti-5G graffiti is written on a bus stop in London's Shoreditch neighbourhood this past April. Vandals set British cellphone infrastructure on fire over the spring after an online conspiracy theory blamed the wireless networks for COVID-19.Dan Kitwood/Getty Images
Tortoise has already reported upon the panic around 5G, which saw vandals attack telephone poles in Britain. While some people are concerned about the potential health effects of 5G, there is no evidence to support concerns about cancer fears or damage to immune systems. The electromagnetic technology has been used in older technologies such as television signals, and many studies have been done into the safe limits of electromagnetic radiation and exposure to radio frequency pulses. As Sophie Scott, the director of cognitive neuroscience at University College London told Tortoise, by the time you are a floor below a phone pole on the roof of a building, the power of that signal has dropped away and you are not being exposed to anything like the levels of radio frequency pulses of a hospital MRI scanner.
That has not stopped people hanging all manner of conspiracies on 5G. “It’s fascinating how longstanding conspiracy theories have morphed to fit the coronavirus crisis,” Prof. Caulfield said. “Telecoms has long been associated with conspiracy theories; as has Big Pharma. Whatever the crisis is they’ll massage existing conspiracy theories to fit it.”
Mr. Kennedy Jr.’s famous name and legitimate background makes his messaging particularly effective, experts said. “The anti-vaccine movement pride themselves on bucking authority, but are also desperate for legitimacy,” said Dorit Reiss, a professor at the University of California. “Robert Kennedy gives them both.”
Prof. Caulfield agrees. “I get a lot of hate mail,” he said. “In those e-mail streams, Kennedy is the most common voice. These people hold him up as a ‘mic drop’ quote."
Prof. Offit, who has been called an “OG gangster” and an industry shill by Mr. Kennedy Jr., said he had been physically accosted and received three legitimate death threats as a result of his support for vaccines. (There is no suggestion that Mr. Kennedy Jr. provoked any of the attacks.)
Mr. Kennedy, then 14, leads the pallbearers carrying the body of his father, Senator Robert Kennedy, at Arlington National Cemetery in 1968.Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images
How did this member of the most famous American political dynasty transform from a well-respected environmental lawyer and activist to become a proponent of theories that have seen him isolated from the establishment he once came to represent?
Robert F. Kennedy Jr. was just nine when his uncle, the 35th president, was killed by Lee Harvey Oswald. He was 14 when his father, attorney-general Robert F. Kennedy, was assassinated by a Palestinian man called Sirhan Sirhan while running for president in the 1968 Democratic presidential primaries.
Mr. Kennedy Jr. was a pallbearer in his father’s funeral, and read excerpts from his father’s speeches at the mass commemorating his death. But he quickly went off the rails.
“That year I began a decade of self-medicating,” he wrote in his memoirs American Values: Lessons I Learned from My Family. “Drugs, it turned out, helped me sit still and focus.”
In 1983, that came to a head when Mr. Kennedy Jr. was charged with possession of heroin. “I’m genetically hardwired to drink and drug myself to death,” he recalled.
Despite his background of tragedy and addiction, Mr. Kennedy Jr. thrived professionally. After cleaning up he embarked on a successful career as an environmental lawyer, becoming a professor of environmental law at Pace University in New York. For decades he worked for Riverkeeper, an organization set up to save the Hudson river from pollution and neglect.
In this role at Riverkeeper, Mr. Kennedy Jr. recorded significant victories against corporate polluters and coal-fired power plants, forcing them to either abandon development plans or contribute to clean up efforts. He helped negotiate an agreement to provide reservoirs for New York’s drinking water, now regarded as a model in sustainable development.
“Kennedy’s early work with Hudson Riverkeeper set lasting standards for environmental law and inspired the creation of similar organizations throughout the United States,” an article in Vanity Fair said in 2016.
He won numerous awards, and was named one of Time Magazine’s Heroes for the Planet for his success in helping return the Hudson river to its preindustrial age splendour. In 2009, he was named one of Rolling Stone’s 100 agents of change. In railing against many right-wing figures during this period, including the Koch brothers and big oil lobbyists, he became a hero to many progressives.
Mr. Kennedy and river keeper John Cronin set out on the Hudson River, revitalized through their organization's efforts.Ted Thai/The LIFE Picture Collection via Getty Images
It was during this professional purple patch that Mr. Kennedy Jr. became interested in vaccines. He was touring the country speaking about, among other things, the dangers of mercury emissions in U.S. rivers. After one of these appearances, a psychologist called Sarah Bridges contacted him, asking if he thought that mercury in a vaccine could have contributed to her son’s autism.
“I’d always been pro-vaccine,” Mr. Kennedy Jr. recalled a few years ago. “I had all my kids vaccinated and my annual flu shot every year. But when I started reading about thimerosal, I was dumbstruck by the gulf between scientific reality and the media consensus.”
Mr. Kennedy Jr. became obsessed with the idea that no study had shown that thimerosal was unsafe. He wrote a book called Thimerosal – Let the Science Speak, summarizing the studies that he said showed it was harmful.
During this period, Mr. Kennedy Jr.’s vaccine concerns appear to have been carefully moderated. He declined to say he was against vaccines, merely that he was pro-safe vaccines. And he did not launch personal attacks against vaccine proponents such as Mr. Gates.
“At first people said, ‘if Robert Kennedy said it, there must be something there,’” Prof. Reiss said. “Then the corrections started coming in.”
In 2005 he authored a story for Rolling Stone magazine and Salon called Deadly Immunity, which alleged that thimerosal, contained in some vaccines, was dangerous, and that the government was hiding its links to autism. At first he attracted praise, including from big name liberals such as Jon Stewart on The Daily Show.
But then critics accused Mr. Kennedy Jr. of quoting material out of context. Rolling Stone had to issue a number of corrections. It got so bad that Salon eventually retracted the story.
“When the errors were pointed out he doubled down rather than correcting them,” Prof. Reiss told us. Another person who’d spent time with Mr. Kennedy Jr. described him as “relentless.”
In 2017, after a meeting with then president-elect Mr. Trump in New York, Mr. Kennedy Jr. announced that he had been asked to chair a commission to review vaccine safety. The move alarmed doctors, epidemiologists and public health experts, who pointed out that Mr. Trump had previously raised concerns that vaccines cause autism.
Even though the commission never materialized, to Mr. Kennedy Jr.’s bitter disappointment, the fact that the meeting took place at all signals how closely conspiracy theories and misinformation have been interwoven in everyday politics.
U.S. President Donald Trump speaks to supporters at a Sept. 13 rally in Henderson, a suburb of Las Vegas.BRENDAN SMIALOWSKI/AFP via Getty Images
Mr. Trump has long been invested in the murky world of conspiracies and misinformation, from his early claims that Barack Obama was not born in the U.S., known as the birtherism conspiracy, to his declaration that climate change is a hoax created by China, and during the pandemic, repeating the false assertion that the anti-malarial drug hydroxychloroquine is helpful in preventing and treating coronavirus.
“To some extent, conspiracy theories rule the day,” Prof. Offit told us.
“You have [U.S. Republican senator] Lindsey Graham talking about the deep state; you could argue the President was elected around conspiracy theories. So Kennedy’s well placed to fit into that trend. He appeals to the notion that there are dark forces working against us.”
Larry Sabato, one of America’s leading political scientists, believes the confusion created by the President will find its denouement on Nov. 3, presidential election day, when “we’ll find out whether the truth matters in American politics.” Mr. Sabato said: “What is disturbing is that for tens of millions, it doesn’t matter anymore. We are in the postfactual era, not just in America, but around the world. This is to some degree a new experience for the United States. And that’s why not just Democrats, but many Republicans are working very hard to make sure that Donald Trump doesn’t just lose, but that he is repudiated.”
Mr. Sabato recalled the election campaign of Lyndon Johnson in 1964: “And what was his slogan at the end of every one of his advertisements to vote? ‘The stakes are too high for you to stay home.’”
A lab technician in Hollywood, Fla., sorts blood samples for a COVID-19 vaccination study.CHANDAN KHANNA/AFP via Getty Images
It is clear that Mr. Kennedy Jr. sees the shift in focus from environmental health to anti-vaxx messaging as part of the same campaign against big corporations. When Tortoise put it to him that many observers believed he had become a danger to public health, that his claims were putting people at risk in the middle of a deadly global pandemic, he responded with characteristic combativeness.
“Of course I have people that don’t like me. I’m used to that when I was an environmentalist, which I still am. Throughout my whole career people have been angry at me,” he said. “I’m suing the pharmaceutical industry. I’m suing all the big vaccine makers. I’m suing FCC [Federal Communications Commission] on 5G and these products that are injuring people, and they all do this and then they create phony science. They take advertising and the press and they compromise journalists like yourself and, you know, they get people on their side.”
But there is also something predictable about the claims made by Mr. Kennedy Jr. and the many celebrities and natural health influencers around him: They follow a well-worn format that Prof. Uscinski, from the University of Miami, has been studying for years. “Almost all of these theories are pretty, pretty darn boring. And I hate to complain about my job. It’s the same crap over and over again. Same theories, different nouns. There’s nothing to even QAnon, which people look at and say, ‘Oh my God, that’s so wacky.’ Well, the idea of a pedophile deep state working against the president is the plot of Oliver Stone’s JFK movie that came out 30 years ago. ... The idea that your enemies are pedophiles and Satanists and sex traffickers goes back millennia. So there’s really even nothing new there.”
But so concerned were Mr. Kennedy Jr.’s wider family about his stand on vaccines that in May, 2019, they called him out on it, accusing him publicly of being “complicit” in a misinformation campaign.
Mr. Kennedy Jr.’s siblings Kathleen Kennedy Townsend and former congressman Joseph Kennedy, as well as niece Maeve Kennedy McKean, published an excoriating article in Politico claiming that “he has helped to spread dangerous misinformation over social media and is complicit in sowing distrust of the science behind vaccines."
“We love Bobby,” they said, and praised his record on environmental issues. “However, on vaccines he is wrong.”
Additional reporting by Basia Cummings
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