The face of Canada's wealthy is largely male, married and university-educated while the poorest segment of society is likely to be a visible minority living in one of Canada's three largest cities.
A portrait of incomes in Canada shows those at the top of the earnings scale are getting more money from investment income and self-employment. Those at the bottom income decile derive about two-thirds of their income from government transfers, according to Statistics Canada's new 2011 National Household Survey, which asked Canadians about income earned in 2010. And more people across the country are coping with mortgage debt after buying ever-pricier homes.
But the findings are just as striking for what they don't show: the degree to which income inequality is shifting in Canada, along with who fell behind and who got ahead through the recession and the ensuing years after. That's because the methodology changed after the federal government cancelled the mandatory long-form census in favour of a voluntary household survey, a switch that has made long-term comparisons of income trends difficult, the agency itself cautions.
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"Income estimates are extremely sensitive to methodological changes," said Brian Murphy, special adviser with Statscan's income division, in an interview. "We didn't compare in this release anything over time."
What's left is a snapshot rather than the complete picture of what's changed. Trends in low-income households garnered the most caveats, where the agency bluntly advised against comparisons to prior censuses.
That's of concern to scholars trying to assess the effectiveness of public policy. "It's unfortunate that as low-income individuals are the target of many government transfer programs, and that the labour market for low-income individuals is of increasing policy interest, that one major tool we would use cannot reliably be used for comparisons over time," said Michael Veall, economics professor at McMaster University who scrutinizes income trends.
The new data comes as the political debate in Ottawa is increasingly focused on income inequality in the runup to the 2015 federal election.
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An opening round is playing out in Toronto, where a by-election in Toronto Centre features two high-profile journalists and authors who have both penned books with the term "super-rich" in the title. Chrystia Freeland is running for the Liberal nomination and Linda McQuaig is hoping to represent the NDP, though both will face stiff competition to win their respective party nominations.
Meanwhile, the Conservative-dominated finance committee launched an income inequality study earlier this year after Liberal MP Scott Brison won a House of Commons vote in support of the study.
THE RICH
Canada's super-rich are largely married, middle-aged men who are senior managers, doctors or engineers.
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Joining the top 1-per-cent club requires a total income of $191,100, or nearly seven times the median income. There are 272,600 members.
Eight in 10 in the top 1 per cent of earners are men. Six in 10 are between the ages of 45 and 64. And the majority – or 83.9 per cent – are married or in common-law relationships and living together.
They're also well-educated. Workers in the top 1 per cent were far more likely – at 67.1 per cent – to have attained a university degree, compared to 20.9 per cent of all Canadians aged 15 and over. Among the 1-per-centers, more than half studied in three fields: business, health or engineering.
And they're not all bankers. By profession, they tend to work as senior managers, health professionals and lawyers as well as in business and finance.
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Most of Canada's highest earners live in Ontario and Alberta, with resource-rich Alberta home to the greatest proportion of its population in the top 1 per cent. By city, more than half live in Toronto, Montreal, Calgary or Vancouver.
IN THE MIDDLE
The median individual income in Canada was $29,878 in 2010, the survey showed – which means half the population had an income above that level and half below. The median family income in Canada is $76,000.
Statscan didn't indicate whether that's up or down from before the downturn. But other agency data shows median after-tax income for families was little changed between 2008 and 2011. That people in the middle haven't slid backward, as is the case in the United States "is more positive than I would have guessed," Mr. Veall said.
The previous census, released in 2006, painted a picture of 25 years of stagnant income growth for the middle class. It showed median earnings of full-time workers were $41,401 in 2005 – a change of just $53 when adjusted for inflation over a quarter of a century.
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THE POOR
Nearly three-fifths of low-income neighbourhoods are in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. But some smaller cities are also seeing high levels of poverty – Sherbrooke has the highest portion of its low-income population living in poor neighbourhoods, followed by Windsor and Trois-Rivières.
Single people, visible minorities, recent immigrants and single parents account for higher shares of the population inside poorer neighbourhoods. For instance, four in 10 people in low-income areas are visible minorities while in other neighbourhoods their share is 24.2 per cent.
Because of methodology changes stemming from the change to a voluntary survey, Statscan cautioned that its low-income data is "not comparable" to prior censuses.
"Has the poverty rate increased or decreased? Who knows? As a voluntary survey, the NHS is likely to under-represent those with low incomes and several minority groups," said Tammy Schirle, economics professor at Wilfrid Laurier University. "Without census data as a comparison point it is difficult to determine the extent to which the statistics are biased."
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Its separate release in June showed three million Canadians, or 8.8 per cent of the population, had low incomes in 2011. That's unchanged from the previous year but down from the 3.4 million Canadians or 11.2 per cent of the population in 2001. More than half a million, or 571,000 children aged 17 and under, lived in low income in 2011 and nearly a quarter of children who lived in single-mother families lived in poverty.
THE EFFECT OF GOVERNMENT TRANSFERS ON INCOME
Taxes do more than shift money from richer Canadians to poorer Canadians. They also allow governments to move money across provincial borders. Through a wide range of programs including equalization, pension benefits and low-income support programs, money is shifting around the country with no guarantee that provinces will get what they give.
Wednesday's release of new 2011 National Household Survey data is sure to influence discussions when federal Finance Minister Jim Flaherty meets with his provincial and territorial counterparts to talk transfers later this year.
The new data shows the share of individual income that comes from government transfers is highest in the Atlantic provinces. Three of those provinces – Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick – receive slightly more transfers than the total taxes they pay. In contrast, Alberta – which has been the most vocal critic of existing transfers – is the only province where taxes exceed transfers by more than 10 percentage points.
The main factors appear to be higher unemployment in Atlantic Canada – but also an older population. For instance, Employment Insurance makes up 6.1 per cent of income for citizens in Newfoundland and Labrador compared to 1.1 per cent in Alberta, reflecting Alberta's stronger jobs market and 4.8-per-cent unemployment rate (in contrast to 10.7 per cent in Newfoundland). But Newfoundlanders also receive 4.3 per cent of their income from the Canada Pension Plan and 4.5 per cent from Old Age Security and the Guaranteed Income Supplement, reflecting a higher number of retirees. In contrast, income from CPP payments is only 2.1 per cent of income in Alberta and OAS and GIS account for just 1.7 per cent of income.
HOUSING
- 69: Percentage of households in Canada who own their homes, about the same as in 2006
- 25.2: Percentage of households who spent 30 per cent or more of their total income on shelter, considered the threshold to measure housing affordability
- $1,259: Average amount those households paid per month
- 58.6: Percentage of households who own their home who have a mortgage
- 28.1: Percentage of households who own their home who moved into their dwelling between 2006 and 2011
- 20: Percentage of households who bought a home between 2006 and 2011 who chose a condominium
TOP EARNERS
- The top 10 per cent of earners receive 28.1 per cent of income and pay 42.1 per cent of Canada’s income tax.
- 50.2 per cent of those in the top income decile had some investment income. The median investment income in the top decile was $1,300, in comparison to between $400 and $500 for the other deciles.
- The highest income in Canada is found in the area around Fort McMurray in the Alberta oil sands, where median family income is $186,782.
LOWEST EARNERS
- Canadians in each of the lowest five deciles received more money from government transfers than they paid in income taxes.
- Only 10 per cent in bottom decile have some investment income.
DEMOGRAPHICS
- While the national median annual income for a full-time worker is $50,699, the median for a visible-minority worker is just $45,128. For a First Nations full-time worker, the median income is $41,684.