An oil sands extraction facility is reflected in a tailings pond near the city of Fort McMurray, Alta., on June 1, 2014.The Canadian Press
Don Drummond is an economist at Queen’s University and an expert panelist with the Canadian Institute for Climate Choices. Rachel Samson is director of the Institute’s Clean Growth program. The report 11 Ways to Measure Clean Growth is available at climatechoices.ca
Canada is at a pivotal point. Alongside the direct health and economic impacts of COVID-19, this crisis has amplified systemic inequities and inadequacies in Canada’s social-support system. It has also highlighted major economic challenges ahead, with the recession and growing government debt adding to a pre-existing trend toward slower economic growth. The legacy of how governments address this crisis, both in financial and societal terms, will be with us for generations.
When parliamentarians return next week, their task is to begin restoring the economic stability, jobs and incomes that Canadians have worked so hard for. Yet governments must not focus strictly on recovery – they must also lay the conditions for future growth.
While some have suggested delaying climate action to prioritize the economic recovery, data show there’s a firm economic imperative to consider climate change – the physical costs, social implications and how it is reshaping global markets – in the economic recovery equation. Groundbreaking research on the indicators of clean growth finds that climate, economic growth and social objectives are connected in ways that make it difficult to achieve sustained progress in any one area without actively targeting all three.
In other words, the data show that neglecting any dimension actually undermines Canada’s growth and competitiveness over time.
Regions with emissions-intensive economies, for instance, increasingly face slower economic growth because global climate action and falling technology costs are driving shifts in market demand and investment. Slower economic growth could lead to job losses in areas where workers are particularly dependent on high-carbon sectors. While Canada’s most emissions-intensive provinces – Alberta and Saskatchewan – have made progress, their economies remain closely tied to greenhouse gas emissions. According to one clean-growth indicator, these provinces generate only $1,000 of economic activity per tonne of emissions, while provinces such as Ontario and Quebec generate $3,000 to $4,000 a tonne. While there are valid reasons for these differences, including varying resource bases and economic structures, the reality is that residents in Alberta and Saskatchewan are more vulnerable to global transitional risks.
Canada may not be able to control global markets, but governments can build long-term prosperity by supporting Canadian companies of all types that are looking to the future, investing in the technologies and products that will improve their – and Canada’s – competitiveness down the line. Many of the barriers these companies face are exacerbated by the current recession.
Canada exported almost $12-billion in environmental and clean technologies and products in 2018, up from $9-billion in 2012. If this growth rate continued to 2050, exports could reach $37-billion. While this trend is promising, it does not yet come close to the almost $90-billion value of crude oil exports in 2018. Recovery plans provide an opportunity to invest in lower-carbon economic activities that will help offset looming risks to high-carbon activities.
As with the pandemic, climate change – and the associated economic transition – exacerbates socio-economic disparities. Improving the resilience of Canadians to climate change means tackling systemic social challenges head on.
For example, the deadly heatwaves in Montreal in 2018 primarily killed low-income and elderly people. We also know that more than 20 per cent of homes on Indigenous reserve lands are at risk of a 100-year flood. Low-income Canadians lack the financial resources to prepare, adapt or recover from climate impacts. In fact, poverty is a meaningful predictor of who will be hardest hit by climate change.
Climate policy can also improve health. Air pollution kills more than 14,000 people prematurely each year, increases vulnerability to respiratory illness and is linked to poor lung, heart and brain health. While climate change is expected to make air quality worse, many ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions – such as switching to electric vehicles or increasing use of public transport – also reduce air pollution.
Not every recovery-related policy needs to have a “green” angle. But we can’t overlook the linkages between economic, social or climate priorities that can reinforce, or undermine, progress. Understanding these interconnected dimensions of prosperity is critical to developing policy that doesn’t just restore what we’ve lost in this crisis but improves the ability of Canada’s economy – and Canadians – to thrive in the future.
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