Indian commuters sit in an overcrowded van on a busy bridge in New Delhi.Kevin Frayer/The Associated Press
The sudden display of caution by Etihad Airways over taking a stake in Jet Airways is the legacy of a string of failed forays by Gulf investors into India.
Etihad's chairman, who is also head of Abu Dhabi's sovereign wealth fund, told Reuters this week the Jet deal needed to be revised and it was too soon to say when a final agreement will be struck.
The backtracking on a deal reported to be near completion highlighted investor apprehension about India and recalled how the UAE's biggest telecom operator Etisalat was badly burned by a recent tilt at the south Asian country.
"It's a very difficult market to invest in and many investors have had their fingers burned," said Khuram Maqsood, executive director and head of private equity at Dubai-based Al Murjan International Holding.
"There's the age-old issue of poor corporate governance and lack of transparency, policy reversals and even government corruption.
"I think India has lost some of its shine recently. It has attractive long-term prospects (but) there are temporary dislocations."
A senior Indian government source said Etihad was concerned about potential "legal" issues relating to the investment and the two airlines were working to resolve them.
The source said Etihad's board did not want to replicate the "troubles" faced by Etisalat, which was dragged into a $37-billion (U.S.) telecoms corruption scam forcing it to shut down Indian mobile operations last year and write off $827-million relating to its local unit.
Etihad did not respond to an e-mail seeking comment.
The Etisalat experience is not the only one to give Abu Dhabi pause.
In 1997, Kuwait Airways and Bahrain's Gulf Air had to sell back stakes they had bought in Jet's overseas holding company four years earlier to its founder Naresh Goyal after the government said the deal violated ownership rules.
A series of corruption scandals that have dogged the Indian government and its economy have also kept foreign investors at bay.
As well as scams in the telecom and coal industries, India has also launched an enquiry into lobbying practices by Wal-Mart Stores Inc. after a report that the giant retailer had pressed U.S. lawmakers to help gain access to foreign markets including India.
More recently, a $750-million defence contract by Italian firm Finmeccanica's unit AgustaWestland has run afoul of allegations of bribery.
Etihad's interest in Jet, first revealed almost a year ago, is for a 24-per-cent stake in the Indian airline for up to $330-million, sources have said. Terms have not been disclosed.
The Jet Airways deal would be the first foreign investment in India's aviation industry since the government relaxed ownership rules last September.
"Etihad is treading carefully around the red-tape challenge in India," said Sudeep Ghai, managing partner at London-based aviation consultancy Athena Aviation.
"India ranks 132nd on the World Bank's Ease of Doing Business index – some 31 places below China and even one place below Nigeria. Failure to get to grips with this is killing foreign investment the airline industry sorely needs."
Etihad is no stranger to complex acquisition deals.
Its management negotiated stake purchases in four foreign airlines last year including Air Berlin, Virgin Australia, Aer Lingus and Air Seychelles.
The acquisitions were part of the eight-year-old carrier's aim to catch up with regional giants like Dubai's Emirates and Qatar Airways and convert its base in Abu Dhabi into the top regional hub.